古斯塔夫·库尔贝(Gustave Courbet)
艺术家: 古斯塔夫·库尔贝
生于: 1819年6月10日；
卒于: 1877年12月31日；1877年31december
国籍: 法国
流派: 现实主义
领域: 绘画
受影响: 伦勃朗,卡拉瓦乔,迭戈·德·席尔瓦·委拉斯开兹,彼得·保罗·鲁本斯,Francisco de Zurbaran,Baroque,Romanticism,卡罗勒斯·杜兰
影响: 爱德华·马奈,克劳德·莫奈,皮耶尔·奥古斯特·雷诺阿,保罗·塞尚,詹姆斯·阿博特·麦克尼尔·惠斯勒,Impressionism,Post-Impressionism,Expressionism,阿尔弗莱德·西斯莱,卢西安·弗洛伊德,Chaim Soutine,Charles-Francois Daubigny,Andres de Santa Maria,朱尔·巴斯蒂安-勒帕吉,Eugène Burnand
古斯塔夫·库尔贝是一位有争议的法国画家，他弥合了浪漫主义和印象派画家之间的鸿沟。他之所以有争议，不仅是因为他以他的作品处理社会问题，如农民、穷人、农村资产阶级的工作条件，而且因为他以冷漠的方式描绘他们。与浪漫派画家不同，库尔贝没有使用流畅的线条和柔和的形式。相反，他采用了自发的笔触和粗糙的绘画肌理，这表明他是直接观察他的主题从生活，从而挑战了学术观念的艺术应该如何绘画。由于库尔贝对现实主义绘画形式的发展，他成了名人，被认为是天才、社会主义者和野蛮人。他还鼓励自己认为自己是一个没有受过教育的农民。库尔贝是在一个有反君主情绪的家庭里长大的，因为他的祖父是法国大革命的成员，因此以他的声望为平台，写关于政治无政府主义、民主和社会主义思想的论文和论文。19世纪60年代，他开始描绘色情裸体场景，包括《世界起源》中详尽的女性生殖器和睡在勒萨默尔的两名裸体妇女，这使他变得更具争议性。这激起了他的社会声望，并在1870年代用他的声音为拆除文丘姆柱，皇权的象征。在专栏被拆除，以及随后的权力变化之后，库尔贝被指控对这一行为负责，并被送进监狱六个月。1873年，他被要求支付重建该专栏的费用，为了避免破产，他流亡瑞士。1877年，他决定每年支付1万法郎，直到91岁生日，届时还清债务。库尔贝死于1877岁，58岁的肝衰竭，一天前的第一期付款到期。
Artist :Gustave Courbet
Additional Name :Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet
Born :10 June 1819
Died :31 December 1877
Nationality :French
Art Movement :Realism
Influenced by :rembrandt,caravaggio,diego-velazquez,peter-paul-rubens,francisco-de-zurbaran,artists-by-art-movement/baroque,artists-by-art-movement/romanticism,carolus-duran
Influenced on :edouard-manet,claude-monet,pierre-auguste-renoir,paul-cezanne,james-mcneill-whistler,artists-by-art-movement/impressionism,artists-by-art-movement/post-impressionism,artists-by-art-movement/expressionism,alfred-sisley,lucian-freud,chaim-soutine,charles-francois-daubigny,andres-de-santa-maria,jules-bastien-lepage,eugene-burnand
Gustave Courbet was a controversial French painter, who bridged the gap between Romanticism and the Impressionist school of painters. He was controversial not only because he addressed social issues with his work, such as peasants and the working condition of the poor, and the rural bourgeoisie, but also because of the unsentimental way in which he portrayed them. Unlike the Romantic school of painters, Courbet did not use smooth lines and soft forms. Instead, he employed spontaneous brush strokes and a roughness of paint texture, which indicated that he was observing his subject directly from life, and thus challenging the academic ideas of the way art should be painted. Because of his development of a realistic form of painting, Courbet was a celebrity, and considered a genius, socialist, and savage. He also encouraged the perception of himself as an unschooled peasant.
Courbet grew up in a family with anti-monarchical sentiments, as his grandfather was a member of the French Revolution, and thus used his popularity as a platform to write essays and dissertations on political anarchism, democratic and socialist ideas. He became even more controversial in the 1860’s when he began painting erotic nude scenes, ranging from the detailed female genitalia in The Origin of the World, and two nude women sleeping in Le Sommeil. This catapulted his social popularity, and in the 1870’s used his voice to argue for the dismantling of the Vendome Column, a symbol of imperial power. After the column’s dismantlement, and an ensuing change in power, Courbet was held responsible for the act, and sent to prison for six months. In 1873 he was held responsible to pay to re-erect the column, and he went into a self-exile in Switzerland in order to avoid bankruptcy. In 1877 it was determined that he should pay 10,000 francs each year until his 91st birthday, at which time the debt would be paid off. Courbet died in 1877 at age 58 of liver failure, one day before the first installment was due.
